উমাইয়া খলিফা ওয়ালিদ বিন আব্দুল মালিকের খেলাফতকালে ভারতে মুসলমানদের বিজয়াভিযান শুরু হয়। তার সেনাপতি মুসা বিন নুসাইর সমগ্র উত্তর আফ্রিকা এবং তারিক স্পেন জয় করে। খলিফা ওয়ালিদের রাজত্বকালে হাজ্জাজ বিন ইউসুফ পূর্বাঞ্চলীয় প্রদেশ (ইরাকের) শাসনকর্তা নিযুক্ত হন। তিনি ৭১২ খ্রিস্টাব্দে তাঁর জামাতা মুহম্মদ বিন কাসিমকে সিন্ধু রাজা দাহিরের বিরুদ্ধে অভিযানে প্রেরণ করেন। কাসিম সর্বপ্রথম সিন্ধুর নেবল শহর অবরোধ করেন। অতঃপর তিনি সিন্ধু নদী পার হয়ে ব্রাহ্মণ্যবাদে রাজা দাহিরকে আক্রমণ করেন। যুদ্ধে দাহির শোচনীয়ভাবে পরাজিত এবং নিহত হয়। মুহম্মদ বিন কাসিমের কিছু বিজয়ের ফলে উপমহাদেশে ইসলামের আবির্ভাব ঘটে। কিন্তু মুহম্মদ বিন কাসিমের অকালমৃত্যুর কারণে উপমহাদেশে ইসলাম একটি রাজনৈতিক শক্তি হিসাবে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়নি।
মুহম্মদ বিন কাসিমের সিন্ধু বিজয়ের প্রায় ৩০০ বছর পর গজনীর সুলতান মাহমুদ ১০০০ সাল থেকে ১০২৭ সাল পর্যন্ত সময়ের মধ্যে উপমহাদেশের পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে ১৭ বার অভিযান পরিচালনা করেন। সুলতান মাহমুদ শাসনকর্তা ছিলেন গজনীর (আফগানিস্থান)। সুলতান মাহমুদ ভারত আক্রমণ করেন ১৭ বার। সুলতান মাহমুদের সভাকবি ছিলেন মহাকবি ফেরদৌসী। ফেরদৌসীর রচিত অমর কাব্যগ্রন্থের নাম শাহনামা। ফেরদৌসীকে বলা হয় প্রাচ্যের হোমার। সুলতান মাহমুদ 'সোমনাথ মন্দির’ আক্রমণ করেন ১০২৬ সালে। সোমনাথ মন্দির ভারতের গুজরাটে অবস্থিত। সুলতান মাহমুদের রাজ্যসভার প্রসিদ্ধ দার্শনিক ও জ্যোতির্বিদ আল বেরুনী।
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আমাদের অল-ইন-ওয়ান মোবাইল অ্যাপের মাধ্যমে সীমাহীন শেখার সুযোগ উপভোগ করুন।
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